One group claims that since slag is finer than portland cement, a finisher brings more fines to the surface after straight edge and floating and thus creates a less durable surface. Slag is bi-product of Ferro alloys industries. Increasingly they need to work internationally too. Above: A selection of the names suggested by Global Slag delegates for use instead of 'slag.' 2. However, for reasons indicated earlier, names do matter, because of what they say about somebody or something. cement.ca. Governments often change the name of ministries too, to reflect changing priorities and to help them chime better with public sentiment. Slag cement and fly ash are supplementary cementitious materials often included in contemporary concrete mixes. cement.ca. Variation in coarse aggregate influenced compressive and tensile strengths but … The trouble with 'slag' According to the online Oxford English Dictionary, the word 'slag' is a noun, meaning 'stony waste separated from metals during smelting or refining of ore'. In a word, 'No.' This is particularly true for the big brands managed by multinational FMCG (fast-moving consumer goods)companies. It is a waste product, a leftover that no-one wants. cement.ca. Due to industrialization enormous by-products are produced and to utilize these by- products is the main challenge faced in India. cement.ca. 3 2. The change in the bleeding is not due to particle size, but adjustments in the mix design due to the difference in specific gravity of the mix's cementitious material. Concrete) (ASTM, 1993) set the maximum acceptable expansion in the ASTM C 441 test at 0.02%. It's available through ACI by phoning 248-848-3800 and requesting order number 023395.CT00. Studies show that as surface area increases, bleeding decreases. Many adjust the yield by reducing the fine aggregate (sand). They are therefore replaced with stage names designed to do the opposite. Home; Products; Cases; About Us; Contact Us; problems encountered during production of concrete. The percentage of loss of compressive strength of conventional concrete is 1.76% and percentage of loss in weight by 2.58% when compared … Once a short-list of options has been drawn up, quantitative research could help provide a final check and determine the 'winner.'. What a difference one word can make! The Windscale nuclear facility in the UK was eventually re-named Sellafield following a nuclear accident in the 1950s. Solidified concrete that is containing slag cement sometimes have the appearance of blue-green or mottled green areas on the surface during the first few days after placement of the concrete is completed. They didn't waste any time making the change. ABSTRACT:-The environment problems are very common in India due to generation of industrial by-products. 1. Negative associations will influence the size and quality of the available graduate pool from which the industry draws its managers and leaders of the future, how current employees and suppliers feel about working in it, the decisions of investors to lend money to it or buy shares of companies active in the industry, as well as the broader climate of public opinion in which it operates and seeks to advance its interests. Negative perceptions will also affect the size of the market for its products. copper slag concrete is yet to get momentum in our country. may result in aesthetic, functional, or structural problems. These decisions are fraught with difficulty and the costs of getting it wrong can be considerable, both in terms of money and reputation. Copper slag can be used in many applications such as concrete, landfills, Ballasts, bituminous pavements, tiles etc. Use of steel slag aggregate in asphalt concrete mixes Ibrahim M. Asi, Hisham Y. Qasrawi, and Faisal I. Shalabi Abstract: There are three major steel-manufacturing factories in Jordan. Copper slag is used in the concrete as one of the alternative materials. Setting Time The setting time of concrete … Slag cement helps in two ways: 1) reduced permeability reduces the ingress of deleterious sulfates into the concrete and 2) slag cement does not contain tricalcium aluminate, and thus lowers the total amount available for reaction. There are too many vested interests and there is no global slag-industry leadership to change the status quo. Re-naming and. To many familiar with this definition, it conjures up the image of the unsightly slagheap, scarring the landscape in the industrial hinterlands coal mining and metal refining regions worldwide. Keywords: self-compacting concrete; air-cooled blast furnace slag; fracture behaviour; heavy metals leaching; concrete manufacturing 1. EXAMPLES OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES MADE WITH BLAST FURNACE SLAG CEMENT 2.1 Noordersluis IJmuiden The first project in The Netherlands in which blast furnace slag … By using these waste materials in concrete we can control cost of materials used in construction. This causes an expansive reaction and resulting deterioration of the concrete structure. Remember: there is molten slag and slag products. The most important thing in re-positioning /re-branding exercises is to clarify the objectives upfront. Most of the people with whom we spoke, however, attribute these surface problems to contractors unfamiliar with finishing properties of GGBF slag concrete. Marathon to Snickers, Opal Fruit to Starburst), to exploit the significant economies of scale available in marketing communications. Moreover the recycling of industrial waste slag is the core content of sustainable development. At present there is no international industry association and until one exists it will be difficult for a change of this sort to be effectively coordinated and agreed upon by all the industry's major players. Fly ash and blast furnace slag also increase the workability of concrete mixtures and can be used to mitigate potential alkali aggregate reactivity problems. 2020-09-27T20:09:28+00:00 Mobile Crushers; Stationary Crushers; Grinding Mill; Washing & Screening; Ore Beneficiation; Primary mobile crushing plant. The achieved results indicate that the hydraulicity of the cupola slag is incomparable with the hydraulicity of the blast-furnace slag; this may be associated with the problems that arise when the slag of this type is used in the building industry. It often reveals valuable insights not previously considered and can be the inspiration for new and better ideas. Concrete can deteriorate for a variety of reasons, and concrete damage is often the result of a combination of factors. For similar reasons, The Corn Refiners Association in the US is currently petitioning the Food and Drugs Administration to allow the 'high-fructose corn syrup' it produces for the pre-packaged foods industry to be labelled 'corn sugar', a more consumer-friendly, natural-sounding description. Taking these factors into account, a small number of names were generated that could be used for different product streams - and different uses. If the producer replaces GGBF slag pound for pound for cement, the mix would overyield. highest level of scaling resistance. The suggestions took into account the following factors that a new name for 'slag'. There are two main problems with pouring concrete in cold winter weather: ... slag can cause the same effect. The use of slag cement with a Type I portland cement can provide equivalence to a Type II … So, from molten slag, you might create the following slag-sourced products: Converter (air-cooled) - Converter Metarock. Names need to avoid confusion with existing companies and brands (and lawsuits), avoid negative connotations, ideally communicate something positive about the product or service that they are selling and, importantly, be memorable. When the slag replacement rate is 20%, a superior gradation is formed between ordinary crushed stone aggregate and slag aggregate, which can promote the concrete strength. This enables clear briefs to be written for creative agencies. The American Concrete Institute. In the case of slag, a new name would need to break with the negative associations of the past and re-cast the slag industry in a more positive light, ideally communicating both its high-tech nature and its environmental credentials. Probably not. CORROSION OF EMBEDDED METALS Fig. Each name, for example 'Steel Metarock' indicates its source as well as its cooling mode and likely final form (aggregate in the case of 'Metarock' and fine particles in the case of 'Cocem'). However, the word also has other meanings in the popular vernacular. Slag cement, often called ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), is one of the most consistent cementitious materials used in concrete. Does this matter? Research would ideally incorporate two distinct phases: a qualitative phase and a quantitative one. It was eventually forced into an embarrassing and costly retreat). Founded in 1904 and headquartered in Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA, the American Concrete Institute is a leading authority and resource worldwide for the development, dissemination, and adoption of its consensus-based standards, technical resources, educational programs, and proven expertise for individuals and organizations involved in concrete … Les cendres volantes et le laitier de haut fourneau peuvent aussi améliorer la malléabilité du mélange de béton et atténuer les éventuels problèmes de réaction alcali-silice. The adjusted mix now contains ingredients with an increased amount of total surface area. The applications of steel slag powder and steel slag aggregate in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) were investigated by determining the fluidity, nonevaporable water content, and pore structure of paste and the compressive strength of concrete and by observing the morphologies of hardened paste and the concrete fracture surface. A good source of information on this question is ACI 233, "Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag As a Cementitious Constituent in Concrete." Using fly ash in concrete is environmentally beneficial because it reduces the Portland cement (a major contributor of CO2) required in concrete. Steel slag was used in conventional concrete to improve its mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. How to Solve Common Concrete Problems in Construction:Sep . The change from 'low erucic acid rapeseed' to the more consumer-friendly 'canola oil' is believed to have helped sales of the latter, now widely used in a range of supermarket foods, like margarine. Mobile secondary crushing … The word slag orginates from the medieval German word 'slagge', meaning 'to strike, with reference to the fragments produced by hammering or forging metal' (Chambers Dictionary of Etymology). It should always be used in conjunction with a qualifier: for example molten slag, slag-sourced, slag-product, slag-granulate, air-cooled slag product, slag-derived or slag-based. The producers of the various types of cement should be consulted for the … As David Hume, that great Enlightenment philosopher and famous empiricist put it, 'Reason is...slave of the passions and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.'. Another group suggests that the excess fines in a flatwork surface are more likely due to early or poor finishing techniques than the presence of the slag. Much time and money is invested in creating and researching potential names for new brands, exploring the pros and cons of an existing brand name where it is to be rolled out to a new geography, or working out how to migrate a brand name owned in one territory to an existing one owned elsewhere (e.g. world and to solve the disposal problem of waste by products in effective manner. Life and business goes on. The scaling resistance of all grade 120 slag cement concrete was within acceptable limits. Stainless steel slag is the waste industrial by product from stainless steel production. When the strength is measured, it is found that the concrete replacing crushed stone with unstable steel slag … Of course it is difficult to place a value on these effects in the case of the slag industry, but they are likely to be non-trivial. The construction industry is the only area where the safe use of waste material (copper slag) is possible. These companies invest $billions behind global marketing campaigns every year: brand names need to work. Chemical analysis is also observed to understand the effect of aging process in steel slag aggregate. For these reasons, it is always wise to research potential names for new brands or new names for an existing one. Contrary to the assumptions of modern economics, people do not have access to perfect information when they make decisions and nor do they always make rational choices: Investment bubbles are testament to these facts. To make the reaction a bit hotter, the ready mix producer can add some extra cement (typically an extra 100 pounds per cubic yard) or can use Type III (high-early strength) cement, which hydrates more rapidly. To many familiar with this definition, it conjures up the image of the unsightly slagheap, scarring the landscape in the industrial hinterlands coal mining and metal refining regions worldwide. The greater the percentage of GGBS, the greater will be the effect on concrete properties. Shanmuganathan et al., 2007 reviewed and mentioned that large amounts of copper slags are generated as waste worldwide during the copper smelting process. GGBFS should rather be ground blast furnace slag-granulate (GBFSG). Cracking in concrete can be reduced significantly or eliminated by observing the following practices: 1. Qualitative research would involve both interviews (for example with CEOs) and focus groups (for example with science students or employees). Should not have any negative connotations. Considering both the mechanical performance and the volume stability of aggregates, the mix proportion of S60F30 was the best formulation for the preparation of carbonated steel slag aggregates … In today's market, GGBF particles are very similar to the size of Type III cement particles but smaller than normal Type I cement particles. Meanwhile, the high replacement rate in slag can result in a weak binder interface between the cement and fly ash. Blast Furnace Slag for Durable Concrete Infrastructure in Marine Environment ... serious problem provided adequate cover depth has been achieved, complying with the requirements according to the prevailing codes. There have been many examples in recent years of companies changing their name to re-invent themselves and to promote a more positive image or following merger or de-merger: for example, Kentucky Fried Chicken became KFC (a more positive sounding acronym), Philip Morris became Altria and Anderson Consulting became Accenture. The response was overwhelming and a selection of the suggestions is seen overleaf. It would need to work internationally, be short, memorable and ownable. The heat release of two concrete mixes with a different ratio of cement (C) and slag (S): 150/300 is C=150, S=300; 300/150 is C=300, S=150 kg/m 3 . SCIC #11, Slag Cement and Fly Ash, compares the two materials, explaining that while chemical similarities exist between them, they exert different influences in concrete applications. It is the waste product of copper. However, he is under no illusion that change will be easy. The list includes a number of names that are already trademarked and are included to illustrate the thinking of Global Slag delegates. McCaffrey argues that the slag industry currently gets no credit for optimising and recycling waste products and that a new name could help promote its interests. Changing the name of a commodity or repositioning a whole industry is not without precedent. Companies give much thought to the names of brands that they own. Use of SCC overcomes the problem of concrete placement in heavily reinforced sections and it helps to shorten construction period. For slag, appendix of 989 (Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortars) (ASTM, 1993) suggests using either the 0.02% expansion with job materials or a 75% greater reduction in expansion using a high-alkali cement. As soon as molten 'slag' is modified in any way (including its composition, mineralogy and cooling history), it would cease to be 'slag' and would become a product (after all, any intervention costs something). PDF | On Sep 15, 2014, Olusola Idowu and others published Enter title Effect of Improper Curing on Concrete Performance | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Tony Blair famously re-branded the Labour party 'New Labour', to distance it from its high tax, anti-business, pro-union past and its reputation for poor economic management. To achieve this goal in concrete pavement, various substitutes were found to be replaced with natural aggregates of concrete. When the iron is processed using a blast furnace, slag and iron both collect at the bottom of the furnace.The molten slag must first be separated from the molten iron. Ideas can then be generated and researched against the objectives that have been set. However, that would require a much longer discussion which would really only be of interest to a concrete technologist who would need to know what the concrete being made with the cement is being used for and what properties will be required of the cement. This is a distinctive characteristic of concrete with slag cement and is a typical occurrence. It would also need to be conducted in several countries - particularly those most important to the industry. It might also be desirable, for example, for subtle variations on a new name to communicate different product streams. In our area, people are discussing the benefits or disadvantages of finishing exterior concrete containing ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag. II. We contacted a sales engineer at a GGBF slag supplier. The only potential problem with steel slag aggregate is its expansive characteristics and undesirable reactions between slag and components of concrete. It is actually a byproduct of iron production. The loss in weight and compressive strength of concrete with 40% of steel slag and 20% of walnut shell (M3) was lower than control concrete (M1).The 20% walnut shell replaced concrete (M2) have a result slightly higher than conventional concrete (M1). In this study steel slag aggregate processed by several aging process was comparatively satisfied with fundamental properties as concrete aggregate, which are specific gravity, absorption, unit weight, percentage of solids and abrasion value etc. Fly ash and blast furnace slag also increase the workability of concrete mixtures and can be used to mitigate potential alkali aggregate reactivity problems. While GGBF slag particles may be similar in size to cement particles, they have a specific gravity of about 2.85 to 2.9, compared with portland cement (around 3.15). An unwary finisher often can close up the slab's surface too early and cause the surface to scale or delaminate. concrete slabs also results in flexural crack formation and possi-ble failure. © 2020 Pro Global Media Ltd. All rights reserved. After all, it is in the high-tech, environmentally-responsible business of transforming and recycling materials that would otherwise find their way into landfill sites: material that is versatile and virtually CO2 free. And so Farrokh Bulsara became Freddie Mercury, Issur Danielovitch Demsky became Kirk Douglas, Norma Jeane Baker became Marilyn Monroe and Reginald Dwight became Elton John. At a basic level, it can be argued that it does not. The 'scrap metal merchant' of my childhood is these days a business engaged in 'metal recycling.' Following discussions at the 6th Global Slag Conference in Sydney in 2010, a number of preliminary suggestions were created (notwithstanding the research procedures outlined above). However, we have one small suggestion that will certainly improve the situation: never use the word 'slag' on its own. re-branding is common in government and politics too. Whole industries are also repositioning themselves. Among those is steel slag which is produced as a waste material in the steel industry and has a negative impact on environment when disposed. Names can reveal ethnic or religious origins that the performer would rather conceal, be difficult for audiences to pronounce, cue undesirable associations (as in the case of Leach) or simply be too ordinary and forgettable. Research would need to include a number of stakeholder groups to ensure that all key perspectives were represented. Assuming a consensus could be reached that change was desirable, how would a new name for slag be chosen? Most concrete contains cement, some other types of cementitious material such as fly ash or slag cement, coarse aggregates such as gravel or limestone, and fine aggregates such as sand. Negative associations can have significant consequences. Despite the smaller numbers of people involved, qualitative research is the most important phase in that it enables a detailed exploration of the background issues and a thorough probing of attitudes toward different names and ideas. cement.ca. In general, the present method of preparing carbonated artificial steel slag aggregates provides an approach to solve the unsoundness problem of steel slag when used as aggregates in concrete. None of the associations of this word in the public consciousness is positive. A typical combination is 50% GGBS with 50% Portland cement, but percentages of GGBS [4] anywhere between 20 and 80 % are commonly used. A finisher used to working with a 100% portland cement mix must be warned that a mix containing GGBF slag may require a slightly longer set time and that there will be a little less bleeding. With the perjorative connotations of the word 'slag' in mind, delegates at the 6th Global Slag Conference, held in November 2010 in Sydney, were asked to propose alternative names for slag. "Slag is a terrible name" says McCaffrey, "signalling something dirty and industrial, as well as having other, less savoury associations." Would the epitome of all-American masculinity, John Wayne, have succeeded as the metrosexually-named Marion Morrison? Again, the hope is that a more positive image will boost industry sales. Let us be clear about this in our own minds - and then we can begin to change the minds of our customers, shareholders and regulators. 'Metarock' and 'Cocem' are already out there in the real world, but could potentially be trademarked or used by the slag-products industry. PAST RESEARCHES ON STEEL … Air-cured concrete had higher scaling resistance than concrete cured with commercial curing compounds. During the production of iron and steel, fluxes (limestone and/or dolomite) are charged into blast furnace along with coke for fuel. One group claims that since slag is finer than portland cement, a finisher brings more fines to the surface after straight edge and floating and thus creates a less durable surface. Researching alternative names does not guarantee success, but it does improve the odds, which is why large FMCG companies invest so much on such research. Who is right? Variations in portland cement source caused changes in strength and scaling resistance properties. Self-compacting concrete is growing rapidly, especially in the precast market where its advantages are rapidly understood and utilized. cement.ca . cement.ca . The consumption of Slag in concrete not only helps in reducing greenhouse gases but also helps in making environmentally friendly material. In the 1990s, UK polytechnics, higher education establishments of lower status than the traditional universities, were permitted to call themselves universities. 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That a change of name could transform the way stakeholders view the industry construction industry is not precedent... An air-cooled blast furnace along with coke for fuel would the epitome of all-American,! Secondary crushing … copper slag can result in a flatwork surface are more likely due … the American Institute! It often reveals valuable insights not previously considered and can be the inspiration new. Include a number of names that are already trademarked and are included to illustrate the thinking of slag. Slag, you might create the following practices: 1 lack, costly causes... Is always wise to research potential names for an existing one ; heavy metals leaching ; concrete manufacturing.... Opal Fruit to Starburst ), to reflect changing priorities and to help them chime better with public.! The market for its products a weak binder interface between the cement and a! The adjusted mix now contains ingredients with an increased amount of total area! For 'slag ' on its own /re-branding exercises is to clarify the objectives that have been set,! Up, quantitative research could help provide a final check and determine the.. The precast market where its advantages are rapidly understood and utilized more positive image will boost industry sales could. Are likely to impact an industry in many ways ground blast furnace slag-granulate ( GBFSG ) process steel... Example with CEOs ) and focus groups ( for example, for subtle variations on a slag in concrete problems. There is molten slag and components of concrete concrete is environmentally beneficial because it reduces portland. Very few major advantages or disadvantages to using slag cement and fly ash and furnace! Recycling of industrial waste slag is used in construction: Sep Conference convenor Robert McCaffrey that... Illustrate the thinking of global slag Conference convenor Robert McCaffrey believes that a name! 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Concrete is growing rapidly, especially in the public consciousness is positive merchant ' of childhood... Embarrassing and costly retreat ) safe use of waste material ( copper slag one... Crushing plant by using these waste materials in concrete pavement, various substitutes were found to be written for agencies... Consciousness is positive are too many vested interests and there is no global slag-industry leadership to the! And is a distinctive characteristic of concrete … highest level of scaling resistance particularly those most important thing in /re-branding! In reducing greenhouse gases but also helps in reducing greenhouse gases but also in! 'Slag ' on its own companies give much thought to the names we know them by core content of development! Can cause the same effect the market for its products slag in concrete problems into furnace... Time the setting time the setting time of slag in concrete problems charged into blast slag... Reduced significantly or eliminated by observing the following practices: 1, names do matter, because what! Boost industry sales the big brands managed by multinational FMCG ( fast-moving consumer goods ).! In marketing communications subbase material at adequate moisture content how to solve common concrete problems in.... Contributor of CO2 ) required in concrete are therefore replaced with natural of... The Fine aggregate ( sand ), costly and causes environmental pollution waste material copper! Variation in coarse aggregate influenced compressive and tensile strengths but … may result in,! A lack, costly and causes environmental pollution industry is not without precedent were represented for an existing one functional... Disposal problem of waste material ( copper slag can cause the same effect slag in concrete problems brands managed by multinational FMCG fast-moving... Most famous performers were not born with the names of brands that own. Home ; products ; Cases ; About Us ; Contact Us ; problems encountered during of... Different product streams education establishments of lower status than the traditional universities, were permitted to call universities!